! This translation to Imp derived from https://github.com/sifive/benchmark-dhrystone/ ! *************************************************************************** ! ! "DHRYSTONE" Benchmark Program ! ----------------------------- ! ! Version: C, Version 2.1 ! ! File: dhry.h (part 1 of 3) ! ! Date: May 25, 1988 ! ! Author: Reinhold P. Weicker ! Siemens AG, E STE 35 ! Postfach 3240 ! 8520 Erlangen ! Germany (West) ! Phone: [xxx-49]-9131-7-20330 ! (8-17 Central European Time) ! Usenet: ..!mcvax!unido!estevax!weicker ! ! Original Version (in Ada) published in ! "Communications of the ACM" vol. 27., no. 10 (Oct. 1984), ! pp. 1013 - 1030, together with the statistics ! on which the distribution of statements etc. is based. ! ! In this C version, the following C library functions are used: ! - strcpy, strcmp (inside the measurement loop) ! - printf, scanf (outside the measurement loop) ! In addition, Berkeley UNIX system calls "times ()" or "time ()" ! are used for execution time measurement. For measurements ! on other systems, these calls have to be changed. ! ! Collection of Results: ! Reinhold Weicker (address see above) and ! ! Rick Richardson ! PC Research. Inc. ! 94 Apple Orchard Drive ! Tinton Falls, NJ 07724 ! Phone: (201) 389-8963 (9-17 EST) ! Usenet: ...!uunet!pcrat!rick ! ! Please send results to Rick Richardson and/or Reinhold Weicker. ! Complete information should be given on hardware and software used. ! Hardware information includes: Machine type, CPU, type and size ! of caches; for microprocessors: clock frequency, memory speed ! (number of wait states). ! Software information includes: Compiler (and runtime library) ! manufacturer and version, compilation switches, OS version. ! The Operating System version may give an indication about the ! compiler; Dhrystone itself performs no OS calls in the measurement loop. ! ! The complete output generated by the program should be mailed ! such that at least some checks for correctness can be made. ! ! ************************************************************************** ! ! History: This version C/2.1 has been made for two reasons: ! ! 1) There is an obvious need for a common C version of ! Dhrystone, since C is at present the most popular system ! programming language for the class of processors ! (microcomputers, minicomputers) where Dhrystone is used most. ! There should be, as far as possible, only one C version of ! Dhrystone such that results can be compared without ! restrictions. In the past, the C versions distributed ! by Rick Richardson (Version 1.1) and by Reinhold Weicker ! had small (though not significant) differences. ! ! 2) As far as it is possible without changes to the Dhrystone ! statistics, optimizing compilers should be prevented from ! removing significant statements. ! ! This C version has been developed in cooperation with ! Rick Richardson (Tinton Falls, NJ), it incorporates many ! ideas from the "Version 1.1" distributed previously by ! him over the UNIX network Usenet. ! I also thank Chaim Benedelac (National Semiconductor), ! David Ditzel (SUN), Earl Killian and John Mashey (MIPS), ! Alan Smith and Rafael Saavedra-Barrera (UC at Berkeley) ! for their help with comments on earlier versions of the ! benchmark. ! ! Changes: In the initialization part, this version follows mostly ! Rick Richardson's version distributed via Usenet, not the ! version distributed earlier via floppy disk by Reinhold Weicker. ! As a concession to older compilers, names have been made ! unique within the first 8 characters. ! Inside the measurement loop, this version follows the ! version previously distributed by Reinhold Weicker. ! ! At several places in the benchmark, code has been added, ! but within the measurement loop only in branches that ! are not executed. The intention is that optimizing compilers ! should be prevented from moving code out of the measurement ! loop, or from removing code altogether. Since the statements ! that are executed within the measurement loop have NOT been ! changed, the numbers defining the "Dhrystone distribution" ! (distribution of statements, operand types and locality) ! still hold. Except for sophisticated optimizing compilers, ! execution times for this version should be the same as ! for previous versions. ! ! Since it has proven difficult to subtract the time for the ! measurement loop overhead in a correct way, the loop check ! has been made a part of the benchmark. This does have ! an impact - though a very minor one - on the distribution ! statistics which have been updated for this version. ! ! All changes within the measurement loop are described ! and discussed in the companion paper "Rationale for ! Dhrystone version 2". ! ! Because of the self-imposed limitation that the order and ! distribution of the executed statements should not be ! changed, there are still cases where optimizing compilers ! may not generate code for some statements. To a certain ! degree, this is unavoidable for small synthetic benchmarks. ! Users of the benchmark are advised to check code listings ! whether code is generated for all statements of Dhrystone. ! ! Version 2.1 is identical to version 2.0 distributed via ! the UNIX network Usenet in March 1988 except that it corrects ! some minor deficiencies that were found by users of version 2.0. ! The only change within the measurement loop is that a ! non-executed "else" part was added to the "if" statement in ! Func_3, and a non-executed "else" part removed from Proc_3. ! ! ************************************************************************** ! ! Defines: The following "Defines" are possible: ! -DREG=register (default: Not defined) ! As an approximation to what an average C programmer ! might do, the "register" storage class is applied ! (if enabled by -DREG=register) ! - for local variables, if they are used (dynamically) ! five or more times ! - for parameters if they are used (dynamically) ! six or more times ! Note that an optimal "register" strategy is ! compiler-dependent, and that "register" declarations ! do not necessarily lead to faster execution. ! -DNOSTRUCTASSIGN (default: Not defined) ! Define if the C compiler does not support ! assignment of structures. ! -DNOENUMS (default: Not defined) ! Define if the C compiler does not support ! enumeration types. ! -DTIMES (default) ! -DTIME ! The "times" function of UNIX (returning process times) ! or the "time" function (returning wallclock time) ! is used for measurement. ! For single user machines, "time ()" is adequate. For ! multi-user machines where you cannot get single-user ! access, use the "times ()" function. If you have ! neither, use a stopwatch in the dead of night. ! "printf"s are provided marking the points "Start Timer" ! and "Stop Timer". DO NOT use the UNIX "time(1)" ! command, as this will measure the total time to ! run this program, which will (erroneously) include ! the time to allocate storage (malloc) and to perform ! the initialization. ! -DHZ=nnn ! In Berkeley UNIX, the function "times" returns process ! time in 1/HZ seconds, with HZ = 60 for most systems. ! CHECK YOUR SYSTEM DESCRIPTION BEFORE YOU JUST APPLY ! A VALUE. ! ! ************************************************************************** ! ! Compilation model and measurement (IMPORTANT): ! ! This C version of Dhrystone consists of three files: ! - dhry.h (this file, containing global definitions and comments) ! - dhry_1.c (containing the code corresponding to Ada package Pack_1) ! - dhry_2.c (containing the code corresponding to Ada package Pack_2) ! ! The following "ground rules" apply for measurements: ! - Separate compilation ! - No procedure merging ! - Otherwise, compiler optimizations are allowed but should be indicated ! - Default results are those without register declarations ! See the companion paper "Rationale for Dhrystone Version 2" for a more ! detailed discussion of these ground rules. ! ! For 16-Bit processors (e.g. 80186, 80286), times for all compilation ! models ("small", "medium", "large" etc.) should be given if possible, ! together with a definition of these models for the compiler system used. ! ! ************************************************************************* ! ! Dhrystone (C version) statistics: ! ! [Comment from the first distribution, updated for version 2. ! Note that because of language differences, the numbers are slightly ! different from the Ada version.] ! ! The following program contains statements of a high level programming ! language (here: C) in a distribution considered representative: ! ! assignments 52 (51.0 %) ! control statements 33 (32.4 %) ! procedure, function calls 17 (16.7 %) ! ! 103 statements are dynamically executed. The program is balanced with ! respect to the three aspects: ! ! - statement type ! - operand type ! - operand locality ! operand global, local, parameter, or constant. ! ! The combination of these three aspects is balanced only approximately. ! ! 1. Statement Type: ! ----------------- number ! ! V1 = V2 9 ! (incl. V1 = F(..) ! V = Constant 12 ! Assignment, 7 ! with array element ! Assignment, 6 ! with record component ! -- ! 34 34 ! ! X = Y +|-|"&&"|"|" Z 5 ! X = Y +|-|"==" Constant 6 ! X = X +|- 1 3 ! X = Y *|/ Z 2 ! X = Expression, 1 ! two operators ! X = Expression, 1 ! three operators ! -- ! 18 18 ! ! if .... 14 ! with "else" 7 ! without "else" 7 ! executed 3 ! not executed 4 ! for ... 7 | counted every time ! while ... 4 | the loop condition ! do ... while 1 | is evaluated ! switch ... 1 ! break 1 ! declaration with 1 ! initialization ! -- ! 34 34 ! ! P (...) procedure call 11 ! user procedure 10 ! library procedure 1 ! X = F (...) ! function call 6 ! user function 5 ! library function 1 ! -- ! 17 17 ! --- ! 103 ! ! The average number of parameters in procedure or function calls ! is 1.82 (not counting the function values aX * ! ! 2. Operators ! ------------ ! number approximate ! percentage ! ! Arithmetic 32 50.8 ! ! + 21 33.3 ! - 7 11.1 ! * 3 4.8 ! / (int div) 1 1.6 ! ! Comparison 27 42.8 ! ! == 9 14.3 ! /= 4 6.3 ! > 1 1.6 ! < 3 4.8 ! >= 1 1.6 ! <= 9 14.3 ! ! Logic 4 6.3 ! ! && (AND-THEN) 1 1.6 ! | (OR) 1 1.6 ! ! (NOT) 2 3.2 ! ! -- ----- ! 63 100.1 ! ! ! 3. Operand Type (counted once per operand reference): ! --------------- ! number approximate ! percentage ! ! Integer 175 72.3 % ! Character 45 18.6 % ! Pointer 12 5.0 % ! String30 6 2.5 % ! Array 2 0.8 % ! Record 2 0.8 % ! --- ------- ! 242 100.0 % ! ! When there is an access path leading to the final operand (e.g. a record ! component), only the final data type on the access path is counted. ! ! ! 4. Operand Locality: ! ------------------- ! number approximate ! percentage ! ! local variable 114 47.1 % ! global variable 22 9.1 % ! parameter 45 18.6 % ! value 23 9.5 % ! reference 22 9.1 % ! function result 6 2.5 % ! constant 55 22.7 % ! --- ------- ! 242 100.0 % ! ! ! The program does not compute anything meaningful, but it is syntactically ! and semantically correct. All variables have a value assigned to them ! before they are used as a source operand. ! ! There has been no explicit effort to account for the effects of a ! cache, or to balance the use of long or short displacements for code or ! data. ! ! ************************************************************************** { Compiler and system dependent definitions: } { Use times(2) time function unless } { explicitly defined otherwise } { Use Microsoft C hi-res clock } %const %integer Mic secs Per Second = 1000000 { Berkeley UNIX C returns process times in seconds/HZ } !! If using gtcpp: !! $define structassign(d, s) d = s %const %integer Ident 1 = 0 %const %integer Ident 2 = 1 %const %integer Ident 3 = 2 %const %integer Ident 4 = 3 %const %integer Ident 5 = 4 ! typedef int Enumeration; { for boolean and enumeration types in Ada, Pascal } { General definitions: } { Value of a Null pointer } !!%external %record (*) %name %spec Null %const %integer true = 1 %const %integer false = 0 ! typedef int One Thirty; ! typedef int One Fifty; ! typedef char Capital Letter; ! typedef int Boolean; ! typedef char Str 30 [31]; ! typedef int Arr 1 Dim [50]; ! typedef int Arr 2 Dim [50] [50]; %recordformat var 1 fm (%integer {Enumeration} Enum Comp, %integer Int Comp, %string (30) Str Comp) %recordformat var 2 fm (%integer {Enumeration} E Comp 2, %string (30) Str 2 Comp) %recordformat var 3 fm (%byteinteger Ch 1 Comp, %byteinteger Ch 2 Comp) %recordformat variant fm (%record (var 1 fm) var 1 %or %record (var 2 fm) var 2 %or %record (var 3 fm) var 3) %recordformat Rec Type fm (%record (Rec Type fm) %name Ptr Comp, %integer {Enumeration} Discr, %record (variant fm) variant) %external %record (Rec Type fm) %spec Rec Type %external %record (Rec Type fm) %name %spec Rec Pointer; %endoffile